|
Dyslexia is a disorder characterised by problems with the visual notation of speech, which in most languages of European origin are problems with alphabet writing systems which have a phonetic construction. Examples of these issues can be problems speaking in full sentences, problems correctly articulating Rs and Ls as well as Ms and Ns, mixing up sounds in multi-syllabic words (ex: aminal for animal, bisghetti for spaghetti, hekalopter for helicopter, hangaberg for hamburger, ageen for magazine, etc.), problems of immature speech "wed and gween" instead of "red and green". The characteristics of dyslexia have been identified mainly from research in languages with alphabetic writing systems, primarily English. However, many of these characteristic may be transferable to other types of writing systems. The causes of dyslexia are not agreed upon, although the consensus of neuroscientists believe dyslexia is a phonological processing disorder and that dyslexics have reading difficulties because they are unable to see or hear a word, break it down to discrete sounds, and then associate each sound with letter/s that make up the word. Some researchers believe that a subset of dyslexics have visual deficits in addition to deficits in phoneme processing, but this view is not universally accepted. In any case, there's no evidence that dyslexics literally "see" letters backward or in reverse order within words. ==Listening, speech and language== Some shared symptoms of the speech or hearing deficits and dyslexia: # Confusion with before/after, right/left, and so on # Difficulty learning the alphabet # Difficulty with word retrieval or naming problems # Difficulty identifying or generating rhyming words, or counting syllables in words (phonological awareness) # Difficulty with hearing and manipulating sounds in words (phonemic awareness) # Difficulty distinguishing different sounds in words (auditory discrimination) # Difficulty in learning the sounds of letters (In alphabetic writing systems) # Difficulty associating individual words with their correct meanings # Difficulty with time keeping and concept of time # Confusion with combinations of words # Difficulty in organization skills The identification of these factors results from the study of patterns across many clinical observations of dyslexic children. In the UK, Thomas Richard Miles was important in such work and his observations led him to develop the Bangor Dyslexia Diagnostic Test. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Characteristics of dyslexia」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|